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Geopolitical, historical, and linguistic factors shape which companies and countries are relied upon for web infrastructure.

Since April 2022, the number of unique countries that Starlink use has been observed has quadrupled.

Countries in Africa and Asia saw the biggest gains in Internet penetration between 2022 and 2023.

Internet trust relationships follow the same pattern as traditional trade and trust and are subject to explicit or implicit risk evaluation.

A combination of sanctions and pre-invasion de-peering activity have significantly impacted peering connectivity and Internet infrastructure in Russia and Ukraine.