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Between 2019 and 2025, Pulse recorded 916 Internet Shutdown events across 61 countries, spanning five continents.

Iran’s June 2025 Internet shutdown was not simply a national blackout: many networks remained visible in global routing data, while services inside them became unreachable from outside.

The Iranian case points to a broader shift in how digital connectivity may be governed amid geopolitical volatility.

OONI crowdsourced network measurement data enables research and supports advocacy and rapid response to Internet censorship events.

Geopolitical, historical, and linguistic factors shape which companies and countries are relied upon for web infrastructure.

National-scale censors have been observed engaging in traffic filtering targeted at new and secure transport protocols such as QUIC.

Internet fragmentation has been conceived of too narrowly–as have the tools that might combat it.

International sanctions targeting Iran's technological sector restrict Iran's participation in the global economy, hinder innovation, and obstruct its technological infrastructure.

In Iran, Internet-based sanctions are blocking access to critical cloud services and Internet technologies that significantly improve speed, security, and performance.

Internet trust relationships follow the same pattern as traditional trade and trust and are subject to explicit or implicit risk evaluation.

According to a new report, Iran's restrictive Internet policies and regulatory framework, coupled with international sanctions imposed on Iranian web services, negatively affect Internet quality, cost, and reliability, compromising Iran's digital economy.

Nearly all of Iran's IPv6 address space vanished from the global routing table, dropping the country's IPv6 adoption rate from 15—20% to 2%.