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Pacific islands are at risk of major Internet outages due to lack of fuel to power their national electricity grids.

IP addresses are highly centralized in certain countries, particularly in parts of Africa and the Middle East, often controlled by a few organizations, frequently state-owned telecommunications operators.

Internet trust relationships follow the same pattern as traditional trade and trust and are subject to explicit or implicit risk evaluation.

Pulse has recorded 22 intentional Internet shutdown events so far in 2024 that have affected Internet users across 12 countries.