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On February 24, 2022, Russia began a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, disrupting Internet services around the country. As the war unfolded, Internet infrastructure was damaged, power plants were destroyed and cell towers in some cities were torn down by Russian missiles, cutting off mobile connectivity to many Ukrainians. Yet, the Internet in Ukraine remained surprisingly resilient.

Any network or routes disappearing from the global routing table portrays a grave picture because these are not just networks or IP addresses.

Source Address Validation is a key technique to mitigate anti-spoofing.

Italy's recent Internet outage was a failure that was years in the making and could have been negated through greater interconnectivity.

Once infrastructure denial is in play, its use to enforce international sanctions is in play as well.

2022 will be remembered as a year in which conflicts and crises shaped our collective attitudes toward infrastructure and the Internet in interesting ways.

In the spirit of the new year, here is a list of Internet evolution, disruption, and technology developments that the Pulse team will be keeping a keen eye on in 2023.

Hiding operational failures in darkness helps nobody.