The key to the Internet’s resilience lies in its layered structure, a brilliant mosaic of interconnected elements. At the base is the physical layer, a vast network of cables and signals, pulsating with digital life. Perched atop the physical layer are the local-network protocols, such as Ethernet, the brainchild of Dr. Metcalfe. Above this level, the communication layers, TCP and IP, form the heart of the Internet, coordinating and directing the flow of data. Finally, the application layer, where protocols like HTTP reside, provide the interface for users to interact with the Internet.
Via BNN